Hi, I'm John Green. This is Crash Course Literature, and today we're going to continue the adventure of Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn.

But this time we get to talk about metaphors and the book's extremely unpopular ending.

So, Sigmund Freud probably never actually said, "Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar," but in Huckleberry Finn, the raft, the island, the river - they aren't just rafts and islands and rivers.

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I think the most significant metaphor in the book is the Mississippi River itself. It was a river Twain knew well. He worked in his youth as a steam boat pilot.

And he communicates some of the beauty and the wonder of that river in a passage where he describes the approach of dawn:

"Not a sound anywheres - perfectly still - just like the whole world was asleep, only sometimes the bullfrogs a-clattering, maybe the first thing to see, looking away over the water, was a kind of dull line. That was the woods on t'other side - you couldn't make nothing else out; then a pal place in the sky; then more paleness, spreading around...and you see the mist curl up off of the water, and the East reddens up, and river."

I mean you read that and you think, "Hey, I want to escape my alcoholic abusive father and travel down the river too!"

The sense of serenity, of possibility, of benevolent nature is almost overwhelming. The river is seen to be in contrast to a lot of the violence and pettiness that Huck finds on land.

That's what some early critics noted including Lionel Trilling and T.S. Eliot. They argued that while the book doesn't have a lot of time for conventional religious belief, it does make kind of a god of the river.

"It is about a god," Trilling wrote. "A power which seems to have a mind and will of its own and which to men of moral imagination appears to embody a great moral idea."

He argued that while this god of the river isn't necessarily good, love of it leads Huck toward goodness, which you can see in the way Huck's voice is at its most beautiful and poetic when he's describing the river.

But some later critics have argued that this view is too rose-colored and limiting. Like, the river is obviously a beautiful place in Huck Finn, but it's also a dangerous one, which Trilling only sort of acknowledges.

I mean it's a place where dead bodies float by. Where a sudden fog separates two friends. Where a steamboat threatens to destroy the raft.

But to that I point out that gods aren't necessarily nice so much as they're powerful. 

And there's also been a lot of scholarship around the idea that the river represents a great moral idea - freedom. 

Like early in the book, Huck says, "In two seconds away we went a-sliding down the river, and it did seem so good to be free again and all by ourselves on that big river, and nobody to bother us."

And throughout the book there's a strong opposition between life on the river and life on shore where there are a bunch of nonsensical rules and uncivilized civilizations and absurd feuds. 

But that opposition is also an oversimplification in the end, isn't it? Because the river is often a threat to the freedom that Huck and Jim want.

I mean Jim escapes in the first place because he learns he's about to be sold down the river. I mean it's the river that sends bounty hunters past them, that sticks them with two of the worst specimens of humanity ever known - the conman known as The King and the Duke.

It's the river that pushes them right past Cairo where they were hoping to catch a steamboat up to the free states and transports them deeper into slave territory.

So if we're going to see the river as a god, and I think it's helpful too, let's see it as like one of the gods of Mount Olympus, a complicated, quasi-human god.

(Student): Mr. Green Mr. Green! I'm sorry but you're always ruining books by over-reading them. Like why does the river have to be a god? Why can't it just be a river.

(John Green): A little late in the game for you to be rearing your head, me from the past, but ok. I would argue that you're gonna worship something.

Maybe it'll be a god. Maybe it'll be money or power or fame, but there's going to be something that orients your humanness in a particular direction.

I think Twain is arguing against the pro-slavery "civilized" god of the widow and arguing that love of this huge, intimidating, beautiful river is a better way to worship.

So I do think it matters whether you see it just as a river because you're gonna worship something.

Alright, that's the end of my rant.

Let's move onto the raft, which a lot of critics romanticized and Huck does too when he said, "We said there wasn't no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don't. You feel might free and easy and comfortable on a raft."

Or when he says, "It's lovely to live on a raft. We had the sky up there, all speckled with stars, and we used to lay on our backs and look up at them, and discuss about whether they was made or only just happened."

I just don't think that living on a raft would be like that at all. I mean one of the things I love most about sleeping in a bed is that when I roll over, I do not fall into the Mississippi River.

So again, the raft seems to represent a kind of freedom. But on the other hand, the raft gets them off the island in the beginning of the book. And the island is kind of a paradise.

I mean when they're on the island, Huck even says to Jim, "I wouldn't want to be nowhere else but here." So take that, raft and river!

But of course there's also a problem with the island, which is that it's too close to the past they're trying to escape.

This is often what Twain does. I mean he was a satirist and an ironist, so there wasn't much that he held sacred. So if he showed something in a positive light, he was usually very aware of the negatives too.

So they do feel great freedom on the raft, but in some ways of course, it restricts freedom. I mean, it sends them South.

If there's real freedom to be found in the book, it's not gonna be in a raft or on a river. It's going to be inside the characters, in a changed moral sense, in a new idea of what true freedom and loyalty and friendship really mean.

And that is what makes the end of the book so confounding to many critics because the ending seems to go against a lot of the great stuff the novel has already established.

Ok, let's go to the Thought Bubble.

So Huck escapes the King and Duke only to learn that they have sold Jim away and that Jim is being held on the Phelps Farm until his owner can claim him.

So he goes to the Phelps Farm where he is very conveniently mistaken for Tom Sawyer who is scheduled to arrive for a visit. When Tom does arrive, pretending to be his brother Sid, he and Huck discuss plans to free Jim. 

Huck comes up with a simple, no-nonsense scheme - steal the key and sneak Jim out. But Tom wants a plan that's a lot more elaborate, that borrows from every adventure and romance novel he's ever read.

Now Twain was no big fan of romance. Huckleberry Finn is one of the first proper attempts at American Realism, and he names a wrecked steamboat the Walter Scott just to show what he thinks of Ivanhoe and all those lords and ladies and unlikely coincidences.

You know like Tom Sawyer being previously scheduled to visit a random farm?

But even is Twain is obviously satirizing Tom and his harebrained schemes, there's no ignoring the fact that these schemes hurt Jim, both physically and emotionally, though he endures them all with a willingness that is actually pretty heartbreaking.

He lets the boys put rats and snakes and spiders in the hut where he is held. And when the rats bite him, he writes messages in his own blood on a shirt that Tom provides. Jim can't actually write, but he scrawls on the shirt just to please Tom.

Then Tom gets the bright idea to announce the escape plan in a series of anonymous letters, which complicates things even more and gets Tom shot in the leg while running away with Jim. 

And Jim jeopardizes his freedom to get a doctor for Tom and is captured again only to have Tom announce that Jim has been free all this time. His mistress freed him on her deathbed.

So everything Tom put him through with Huck's agreement was just for show, just for fun.

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

So, of course, that's a pretty messed up idea of fun. And yes, the ending ties up the loose ends of the plot pretty neatly, and it restores to the book some of the feel of the adventures of Tom Sawyer.

But as previously noted, Tom Sawyer isn't that great of a book. So going back to its tone isn't necessarily a great call.

Huck has matured tremendously over the course of this journey, and he's developed a relationship with Jim that relies on mutual affection and mutual trust.

And while Huck takes a dim view of most people - he tricks them, he lies to them - he comes to believe that cruelty is unworthy of him and that he doesn't want others to suffer.

Like when the Duke and the King, men who have abused Huck and sold Jim away, are finally caught and tarred and feathered, we might expect Huck to be happy. But he isn't.

"Well it made me sick to see it," he says, "and I was sorry for them poor pitiful rascals, it seemed like I couldn't ever feel any hardness against them any more in the world...human beings can be awful cruel to one another."

But if he's able to summon that kind of sympathy for his enemies, if he doesn't feel any hardness toward them, how can he allow the cruelty to Jim?

How can he let him be reduced to the role of Tom's sidekick again? And how can Twain have Jim bare it all so complacently.

I don't have good answers for those questions, although some of it may lie in Huck's upbringing.

Huck is very conscience of not being raised in respectable circumstances, and he believes that Tom, with all of his reading and his education, must know better.

In fact, he could barely get it through his head that a boy as educated and civilized as Tom would consent to help free a runaway slave. 

Now, of course, Tom knows that Jim is free all the time, so he's not taking a moral risk. But even so, for many readers this ending sequence is a betrayal of what has come before.

I mean out on the river, when they were being threatened by steamboats and menaced by conmen, Huck and Jim could almost believe that a new and better world was possible.

They could even look up at the stars and wonder if they were made or just happened, which is a pretty sacrilegious thing to wonder.

But on the Phelps Farm, the story falls back into stereotype and caricature and to return to the boys' adventure mood of the beginning is kind of admitting defeat. It's giving up on what Huck and Jim have forged on the river.

Why did Twain do this? Could he not think of a better ending? Or had he seen too much of how racial injustice continued even after the Civil War to believe that Huck and Jim could escape its indignities?

Therein lies my half-hearted defense of the ending. It's a big pivot from the rest of the novel, but it might be an honest one.

Two friends on a river can accomplish a lot, but they cannot escape the deep systemic racism in America. We get a taste of this when Jim risks his freedom to save Tom and Huck says approvingly, "I knowed he was white inside."

Huck means that Jim is brave and honorable and loyal, but those are qualities that most of the white people he's met throughout the book have not exhibited. But the fact that he uses white as a mark of approval shows that neither Huck nor Jim has become magically free from racism.

And so in the end, the book concludes not comically or tragically, but on a note of uncertainty as Huck realizes that he'll have to leave again, have to seek out a new place in which to feel at home.

"I reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest," Huck says, "because Aunt Sally says she's going to adopt me and civilize me, and I can't stand it. I been there before."

We can only hope for Huck, as for America, that his time on the river becomes part of a much larger journey toward accepting and understanding and compassion.

Safe travels, Huck. Godspeed.

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