YouTube: | https://youtube.com/watch?v=WUqZeyMCacY |
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Statistics
View count: | 107,095 |
Likes: | 7,541 |
Comments: | 373 |
Duration: | 10:08 |
Uploaded: | 2024-07-08 |
Last sync: | 2024-08-15 17:15 |
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How do the layers of the ocean mix together? The energy put in by the winds and tides is less than what’s required for the amount of mixing, so what else is bringing the mixing energy? Turns out, it might be very active anchovy reproduction.
Here are the two SciShow videos we mentioned:
When scorpions lose their butts: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NcHpkAw8Uf0
A dead fish in the MRI: https://youtu.be/tLM7xS6t4FE?si=ri-nNEolucBWJQJL
Subscribe to the pin club here: https://complexly.store/products/bizarre-beasts-pin-subscription
This month's pin is designed by Stephanie Brown. You can find out more about them and their work here: https://feralcatbox.com/
You can cancel any time by emailing hello@dftba.com
Follow us on socials:
Twitter: https://twitter.com/bizarrebeasts
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bizarrebeastsshow/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BizarreBeastsShow/
#BizarreBeasts #fish #anchovy
-----
Sources:
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/marine-mix/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967063798000703
https://courses.seas.harvard.edu/climate/pdf/huang_2004.pdf
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10149-5
https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ065i004p01239
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011747166906024
https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v273/p65-79/
https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lob.10614
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1129378
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263001514
https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095047
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1141272
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JC010659
https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/phoc/40/9/2010jpo4415.1.xml
https://www.fishbase.se/summary/engraulis-encrasicolus.html
https://britishseafishing.co.uk/european-anchovy/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-00916-3
https://phys.org/news/2024-01-anchovies-sea-major-storm-good.html
https://news.stanford.edu/2018/04/18/swarms-of-tiny-organisms-churn-ocean-waters/
https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/215/6/1040/11234/Biogenic-inputs-to-ocean-mixing
https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=journal_of_marine_research
https://improbable.com/ig/winners/#ig2023
https://improbable.com/ig/winners/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7277248/
https://riojournal.com/article/33527/element/2/4971402//
------
Images:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R7mKoBOJgnW3FivOPJKfNTnrqOBfYZOzwpttV-W1xwE/edit?usp=sharing
How do the layers of the ocean mix together? The energy put in by the winds and tides is less than what’s required for the amount of mixing, so what else is bringing the mixing energy? Turns out, it might be very active anchovy reproduction.
Here are the two SciShow videos we mentioned:
When scorpions lose their butts: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NcHpkAw8Uf0
A dead fish in the MRI: https://youtu.be/tLM7xS6t4FE?si=ri-nNEolucBWJQJL
Subscribe to the pin club here: https://complexly.store/products/bizarre-beasts-pin-subscription
This month's pin is designed by Stephanie Brown. You can find out more about them and their work here: https://feralcatbox.com/
You can cancel any time by emailing hello@dftba.com
Follow us on socials:
Twitter: https://twitter.com/bizarrebeasts
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bizarrebeastsshow/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BizarreBeastsShow/
#BizarreBeasts #fish #anchovy
-----
Sources:
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/marine-mix/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967063798000703
https://courses.seas.harvard.edu/climate/pdf/huang_2004.pdf
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10149-5
https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ065i004p01239
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011747166906024
https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v273/p65-79/
https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lob.10614
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1129378
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263001514
https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095047
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1141272
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JC010659
https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/phoc/40/9/2010jpo4415.1.xml
https://www.fishbase.se/summary/engraulis-encrasicolus.html
https://britishseafishing.co.uk/european-anchovy/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-00916-3
https://phys.org/news/2024-01-anchovies-sea-major-storm-good.html
https://news.stanford.edu/2018/04/18/swarms-of-tiny-organisms-churn-ocean-waters/
https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/215/6/1040/11234/Biogenic-inputs-to-ocean-mixing
https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=journal_of_marine_research
https://improbable.com/ig/winners/#ig2023
https://improbable.com/ig/winners/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7277248/
https://riojournal.com/article/33527/element/2/4971402//
------
Images:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R7mKoBOJgnW3FivOPJKfNTnrqOBfYZOzwpttV-W1xwE/edit?usp=sharing
Get 60% off a Babbel subscription with a special Bizarre Beasts link.
Babbel is a top language learning app that is intuitive and helps you learn by creating real life conversations. There are a lot of, like, weirdly specific mysteries in the world that a small subset of people care very much about.
Like, anthropologists really want to know why we have chins. Astronomers want to know how the moon formed. And, for a long time, oceanographers have wanted to know: how do the layers of the ocean mix together?
If it didn't happen, the ocean would be like a layer cake, which would be bad. Many nutrients would just settle at the bottom, while the oxygen produced via photosynthesis would all stay at the top. But the do mix, and that's good.
But how does it happen? The energy that is put in by the winds and tides is less than what’s required for the amount of mixing that we see, and yet… the ocean layers do mix. So what else is bringing the mixing energy?
Well, turns out, it might be anchovy sex. [♪INTRO♪] If you want to support this channel, the Bizarre Beasts pin club is open for subscriptions for the whole month! Sign up by July 20th and the first pin you get will be the anchovy pin and it is one of the best pins we have ever made! Look at this pin!
It's so good! And stick around at the end of the video for some bonus anchovy facts. In the early 1900s, Swedish oceanographer Johan Sandström noted that simple convection in water cannot stir things up unless the heat source is below the colder water.
And because the sun is, last time we checked, above the ocean, this mostly rules out convection as a means for churning up the briny depths. But the exchange of water between way down deep and the surface has been observed for many years. By the mid-20th century, technology allowed scientists to more directly measure water movement near the seafloor, but there were still a lot of unanswered questions about what was driving these processes on a global scale.
Then, in 1966, an American physical oceanographer named Walter Munk rose to the challenge, and he attempted to calculate which candidates for the motion of the ocean could explain the mixing. He extrapolated from a specific sample area of the Pacific Ocean, and produced several generalized energy equations for the entire ocean, finding that the turbulence from wind, waves, and tides fell short of explaining the full scope of mixing. To fill that gap, Munk proposed that the total energy available in marine organisms was just about equal to the energy deficit in his model.
That is, the energy expended by animals swimming through the ocean water might be enough to balance out the equation and explain how the ocean layers mix the way we observe, it may even be pretty comparable to the energy of tides and storms. Years later, Munk would insist that this concept of so-called “biomixing” was intended at least partly as a joke. After all, he did make a special point of stressing that in addition to swimming, animals also often eat at one depth and then poop at a different depth, and that this, too, would meaningfully contribute to the process.
But whether Munk’s initial biomixing theory was sincere or not, the temptation of its simplicity, animals move through the water, water moves around animals, got many scientists thinking in the decades since. For example, perhaps, krill could be the answer. There sure are a lot of them, and they have a habit of moving considerable vertical distances every day in a process called diel vertical migration, or DVM.
Twice a day, these little critters swim tens of thousands of times their body length, eating and respiring as they go. And although initial studies supported krill as a biomixing contender, others concluded that, in spite of their impressive DVM distances, their effect on mixing is probably minimal. Because they’re so small, the mechanical energy of their swimming mostly dissipates as heat energy before ever actually moving a significant amount of water.
But could larger animals make a big enough splash? Using size and speed data for a variety of species, some researchers found promising possibilities… at least on paper. But direct measurements took the wind out of those theoretical sails by yielding similar results to those of the krill: the energy of moving fish was lost as heat before it could move much water.
So, experts still were not convinced about the broader plausibility of biomixing. Was it just a rare fluke? Was it possible at all?
Well, this brings us back to the heroes of this story: a whole bunch of anchovies. The European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, is a nine-to-fourteen centimeter fish found off the coast of Europe and western Africa. These anchovies travel in large schools, they eat plankton, and are an important food source for bigger fish, seabirds, and marine mammals.
They gather together to spawn in warmer months, and they tend to do so closer to shore. And, aside from their ability to tolerate a wide range of salinities and comfortably survive in brackish water, they seem like a pretty ordinary fish. But this anchovy species also engages in diel vertical migration...
In July of 2018, a research crew off the coast of Spain was studying ocean turbulence as a possible cause for harmful algal blooms. They measured disturbances in the water continuously for two straight weeks, and found that each night, something was causing as much of a ruckus as a major storm, only to calm back down again by day. But the weather was perfectly fair throughout the entire study – not a storm in sight.
The team also had a sounding instrument that could detect the presence of fish, but they mostly ignored this at first, since they weren’t actually looking for fish. Then, after repeated nights of unexplained commotion, the researchers noticed that there was a strong correlation between the timing of these events and the presence of fish on their sensors. And sure enough, plankton nets the following morning pulled in oodles of anchovy eggs.
The nets cast in the morning yielded eggs that were slightly further along their 60ish-hour development, while nets at night pulled in brand new eggs – the anchovies were actively spawning each and every night of the two-week study. And these unexpected findings were perfectly in line with the known habits of the area’s anchovies. Previous reports of large anchovy aggregations included peaks in the middle of the night, and maximums in July and August.
The fish were just doing what they always did, and what they always did happened to include mixing up the water column. The simple act of reproducing turned out to be important for far more than just the anchovies participating, and biomixing was finally, at least in this localized instance, an observable fact. Cooler still, we have since learned that the impact of biomixing may be more than just mechanical: chemical changes caused by organisms moving through the water can have lingering effects well after the physical motion is over.
In addition to the anchovy, species like squid, copepods, and jellies, sea creatures known for both undergoing DVM and forming large aggregations, are nowadays attracting attention as possible biomixers, too. The right combination of behavior and density may just hold the key. And given the major role that ocean mixing plays in moderating the Earth’s climate, it is becoming even more crucial for us to better understand intricate interactions like biomixing.
If biomixing is actually a significant aspect of ocean layer turnover, then major disruptions to the ocean’s biosphere, for example, through overfishing, could have unexpected climate consequences. From lighthearted speculation, to empirically supported theory, biomixing is a pretty nifty example of the complexity and connectedness of our planet’s ecosystems, and it’s led to a whole lot of cool research since its joke origins. Munk would go on to refine his calculations of the energy required for ocean mixing, and would continue incorporating that very same sense of humor into his work.
His initial silly suggestion led to serious research, and now the importance of biomixing is starting to become more appreciated, in no small part thanks to the unassuming European anchovy and its uniquely vigorous spawning practices. It all just goes to show that even the behavior of small beasts can be bizarre enough to affect something as big as the physics of the ocean. Signing up for the pin club at BizarreBeastsShow.com helps keep the channel going and helps us keep exploring weird cool topics like this one.
If you want the anchovy pin to be your
first pin, you can sign up by July 20th. We’ve got some incredible artists lined up for the rest of the year, so don’t miss out! And now here are some bonus facts… Turns out Walter Munk isn’t the only scientist to have a sense of humor about biomixing.
The anchovy study that inspired this episode earned its authors the Ig Nobel prize in physics for 2023! The Ig Nobel prizes honor, in their own words, “achievements that make people laugh, then think.” Some previous Ig Nobel winners have studied what happens when scorpions lose their anuses along with their tails and what happens when you put a dead salmon in an MRI machine. If you want to know more about either of those studies, you can check out these two videos over on SciShow.
Or, if paleontology is more your thing, we wanted to be sure to introduce you to the earliest representatives of the group that modern anchovies belong to, which had saber-teeth. Well, to be more precise, they had a saber-tooth – a single, large, slightly off-center fang. One of the species comes from just over 54 million years ago and it was found in Belgium, and the other dates to between about 48 and 41 million years ago in Pakistan.
If, like an anchovy, you like to travel far and wide, but, unlike an anchovy, you don't want to mix things up as you go you'll probably want to learn new languages along the way. And thanks to our sponsor Babbel, learning a new language has never been easier. Babbel is scientifically proven by researchers at Yale University, Michigan State University, and other major institutions, to help you star speaking a new language in just three weeks.
Babbel's lessons prepare you to have practical conversations about travel, business, relationships, and more. Babbel takes on the role of a personal language coach, guiding learners toward real life conversations in their target language. As a Bizarre Beasts viewer, you'll get up to 60% off when you sign up using our link.
Plus, Babbel comes with a twenty day money back guarantee, so you can see where Babbel takes you on our language learning journey. [♪OUTRO♪]
Babbel is a top language learning app that is intuitive and helps you learn by creating real life conversations. There are a lot of, like, weirdly specific mysteries in the world that a small subset of people care very much about.
Like, anthropologists really want to know why we have chins. Astronomers want to know how the moon formed. And, for a long time, oceanographers have wanted to know: how do the layers of the ocean mix together?
If it didn't happen, the ocean would be like a layer cake, which would be bad. Many nutrients would just settle at the bottom, while the oxygen produced via photosynthesis would all stay at the top. But the do mix, and that's good.
But how does it happen? The energy that is put in by the winds and tides is less than what’s required for the amount of mixing that we see, and yet… the ocean layers do mix. So what else is bringing the mixing energy?
Well, turns out, it might be anchovy sex. [♪INTRO♪] If you want to support this channel, the Bizarre Beasts pin club is open for subscriptions for the whole month! Sign up by July 20th and the first pin you get will be the anchovy pin and it is one of the best pins we have ever made! Look at this pin!
It's so good! And stick around at the end of the video for some bonus anchovy facts. In the early 1900s, Swedish oceanographer Johan Sandström noted that simple convection in water cannot stir things up unless the heat source is below the colder water.
And because the sun is, last time we checked, above the ocean, this mostly rules out convection as a means for churning up the briny depths. But the exchange of water between way down deep and the surface has been observed for many years. By the mid-20th century, technology allowed scientists to more directly measure water movement near the seafloor, but there were still a lot of unanswered questions about what was driving these processes on a global scale.
Then, in 1966, an American physical oceanographer named Walter Munk rose to the challenge, and he attempted to calculate which candidates for the motion of the ocean could explain the mixing. He extrapolated from a specific sample area of the Pacific Ocean, and produced several generalized energy equations for the entire ocean, finding that the turbulence from wind, waves, and tides fell short of explaining the full scope of mixing. To fill that gap, Munk proposed that the total energy available in marine organisms was just about equal to the energy deficit in his model.
That is, the energy expended by animals swimming through the ocean water might be enough to balance out the equation and explain how the ocean layers mix the way we observe, it may even be pretty comparable to the energy of tides and storms. Years later, Munk would insist that this concept of so-called “biomixing” was intended at least partly as a joke. After all, he did make a special point of stressing that in addition to swimming, animals also often eat at one depth and then poop at a different depth, and that this, too, would meaningfully contribute to the process.
But whether Munk’s initial biomixing theory was sincere or not, the temptation of its simplicity, animals move through the water, water moves around animals, got many scientists thinking in the decades since. For example, perhaps, krill could be the answer. There sure are a lot of them, and they have a habit of moving considerable vertical distances every day in a process called diel vertical migration, or DVM.
Twice a day, these little critters swim tens of thousands of times their body length, eating and respiring as they go. And although initial studies supported krill as a biomixing contender, others concluded that, in spite of their impressive DVM distances, their effect on mixing is probably minimal. Because they’re so small, the mechanical energy of their swimming mostly dissipates as heat energy before ever actually moving a significant amount of water.
But could larger animals make a big enough splash? Using size and speed data for a variety of species, some researchers found promising possibilities… at least on paper. But direct measurements took the wind out of those theoretical sails by yielding similar results to those of the krill: the energy of moving fish was lost as heat before it could move much water.
So, experts still were not convinced about the broader plausibility of biomixing. Was it just a rare fluke? Was it possible at all?
Well, this brings us back to the heroes of this story: a whole bunch of anchovies. The European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, is a nine-to-fourteen centimeter fish found off the coast of Europe and western Africa. These anchovies travel in large schools, they eat plankton, and are an important food source for bigger fish, seabirds, and marine mammals.
They gather together to spawn in warmer months, and they tend to do so closer to shore. And, aside from their ability to tolerate a wide range of salinities and comfortably survive in brackish water, they seem like a pretty ordinary fish. But this anchovy species also engages in diel vertical migration...
In July of 2018, a research crew off the coast of Spain was studying ocean turbulence as a possible cause for harmful algal blooms. They measured disturbances in the water continuously for two straight weeks, and found that each night, something was causing as much of a ruckus as a major storm, only to calm back down again by day. But the weather was perfectly fair throughout the entire study – not a storm in sight.
The team also had a sounding instrument that could detect the presence of fish, but they mostly ignored this at first, since they weren’t actually looking for fish. Then, after repeated nights of unexplained commotion, the researchers noticed that there was a strong correlation between the timing of these events and the presence of fish on their sensors. And sure enough, plankton nets the following morning pulled in oodles of anchovy eggs.
The nets cast in the morning yielded eggs that were slightly further along their 60ish-hour development, while nets at night pulled in brand new eggs – the anchovies were actively spawning each and every night of the two-week study. And these unexpected findings were perfectly in line with the known habits of the area’s anchovies. Previous reports of large anchovy aggregations included peaks in the middle of the night, and maximums in July and August.
The fish were just doing what they always did, and what they always did happened to include mixing up the water column. The simple act of reproducing turned out to be important for far more than just the anchovies participating, and biomixing was finally, at least in this localized instance, an observable fact. Cooler still, we have since learned that the impact of biomixing may be more than just mechanical: chemical changes caused by organisms moving through the water can have lingering effects well after the physical motion is over.
In addition to the anchovy, species like squid, copepods, and jellies, sea creatures known for both undergoing DVM and forming large aggregations, are nowadays attracting attention as possible biomixers, too. The right combination of behavior and density may just hold the key. And given the major role that ocean mixing plays in moderating the Earth’s climate, it is becoming even more crucial for us to better understand intricate interactions like biomixing.
If biomixing is actually a significant aspect of ocean layer turnover, then major disruptions to the ocean’s biosphere, for example, through overfishing, could have unexpected climate consequences. From lighthearted speculation, to empirically supported theory, biomixing is a pretty nifty example of the complexity and connectedness of our planet’s ecosystems, and it’s led to a whole lot of cool research since its joke origins. Munk would go on to refine his calculations of the energy required for ocean mixing, and would continue incorporating that very same sense of humor into his work.
His initial silly suggestion led to serious research, and now the importance of biomixing is starting to become more appreciated, in no small part thanks to the unassuming European anchovy and its uniquely vigorous spawning practices. It all just goes to show that even the behavior of small beasts can be bizarre enough to affect something as big as the physics of the ocean. Signing up for the pin club at BizarreBeastsShow.com helps keep the channel going and helps us keep exploring weird cool topics like this one.
If you want the anchovy pin to be your
first pin, you can sign up by July 20th. We’ve got some incredible artists lined up for the rest of the year, so don’t miss out! And now here are some bonus facts… Turns out Walter Munk isn’t the only scientist to have a sense of humor about biomixing.
The anchovy study that inspired this episode earned its authors the Ig Nobel prize in physics for 2023! The Ig Nobel prizes honor, in their own words, “achievements that make people laugh, then think.” Some previous Ig Nobel winners have studied what happens when scorpions lose their anuses along with their tails and what happens when you put a dead salmon in an MRI machine. If you want to know more about either of those studies, you can check out these two videos over on SciShow.
Or, if paleontology is more your thing, we wanted to be sure to introduce you to the earliest representatives of the group that modern anchovies belong to, which had saber-teeth. Well, to be more precise, they had a saber-tooth – a single, large, slightly off-center fang. One of the species comes from just over 54 million years ago and it was found in Belgium, and the other dates to between about 48 and 41 million years ago in Pakistan.
If, like an anchovy, you like to travel far and wide, but, unlike an anchovy, you don't want to mix things up as you go you'll probably want to learn new languages along the way. And thanks to our sponsor Babbel, learning a new language has never been easier. Babbel is scientifically proven by researchers at Yale University, Michigan State University, and other major institutions, to help you star speaking a new language in just three weeks.
Babbel's lessons prepare you to have practical conversations about travel, business, relationships, and more. Babbel takes on the role of a personal language coach, guiding learners toward real life conversations in their target language. As a Bizarre Beasts viewer, you'll get up to 60% off when you sign up using our link.
Plus, Babbel comes with a twenty day money back guarantee, so you can see where Babbel takes you on our language learning journey. [♪OUTRO♪]